Computer Programes Windows Soluctions

The Definition Of “A Game”

2009-02-25T10:33:00.000-08:00

Games are structured with rules, objectives or goals, challenges with the motive of building social interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical simulation. Studies have proven that games improve cognitive skills, serves as medium of physical exercise, improves eyesight (that is online game). Other perform educational as well as psychological role.

Other features of game as defined by Roger Caillois:
fun: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character
separate: it is circumscribed in time and place
uncertain: the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
non-productive: participation is not productive
governed by rules: the activity has rules that are different from everyday life
fictitious: it is accompanied by the awareness of a different reality

Types of games
Sports
Sports is known to have a designated location known as field with dedicated atletes. It is also known to attract spectators; that are entertained just by watching.

Lawn Games
These are outdoor games that can be played on a lawn , an area smaller than a field or pitch. Variation of many games thatare tradictionally played on a pitch are called ‘ lawn games’ these games are horseshoes, sholf, conquer, bocce, lawn bowls and stake.

Table Top Game
This kind if game is within the confines of a small area and which require minimum puysical strength. It only requires placingm picking op and moving game pieces. Most of these games are therefore played on a table; where players are converged. Most games fall within table top where the game elements are located. There are several games that fall into this category; particularly party games. These games are normally free forms in their play.

Coordination Games
This class of games builds dexterity of hands or hand-eye coordination. An example of games in this category is jacks, paper football and jenga, pinballs billiards, air hockey, table soccer and table hockey. Some can be played on any flat level surface and others are played on specialised tables or other self contained modules. These games need reflexes and coordination

Card Games
There are various decks of cards suited to different card games.
Anglo American deck is 52-card suited for games like bridge, poker, rummy etc.
Regional deck of 32, 36 or 40cards suited for German game known as Skat
Tarot deck of 78-cards suited for games like trick-taking games.

Games have existed for century; which of these games brings you pleasure. Get acquainted with one.
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Replacing Windows Regedit

2009-02-20T11:25:00.000-08:00

There are numerous third-party alternatives to practically every tool available with Windows. Scandisk is superseded with various data recovery tools that are vastly superior to the quite limited Windows tool; Outlook Express isn't any better than any other email client on the market; Windows Task Manager has a number of free and commercial alternatives. Even Internet Explorer has a number of third-party replacements that offer better security and more features. Regedit is no exception to the trend.

Reg Organizer is a vastly superior alternative to Windows Regedit. Unlike direct product replacements such as FireFox - Internet Explorer or Thunderbird - Outlook Express, Reg Organizer dips into waters not tested by any Microsoft tool.

Instead of just cloning Microsoft Regedit feature by feature, Reg Organizer provides numerous benefits to its users, unseen in any Microsoft registry tool. Not only it can edit the Windows Registry; it can find errors and fix them automatically. By cleaning out the Registry, Reg Organizer vastly improves the performance of your PC. It reduces the clutter, removes junk and makes your Registry more compact, allowing Windows run faster and smoother.

All of these optimization features don't look like Reg Organizer is a direct replacement of Windows Regedit, but hold on! Unlike the numerous competing registry optimizers, Reg Organizer actually serves as a replacement to the primitive registry editor included with Windows. Giving its users a way to conveniently edit Windows Registry, Reg Organizer provides all browsing and editing features available in Regedit, and more! Unlike the minimalistic Regedit tool, Reg Organizer offers a fully featured graphical user interface for performing basic and advanced manipulations with the computer System Registry.

Vastly superior searching makes searching the Registry much more convenient than with Windows Regedit. Searching the Registry is where Reg Organizer shines. Not only it scans the Registry as regedit.exe does, but it allows many more things to be done when searching. You can find all registry keys related to a certain application, or run Search and Replace to substitute certain registry values with other ones. Search and Replace Registry comes handy when moving applications from one disk or folder to another, letting you change paths quickly and easily.

Board-by-Board Optimization

2009-02-11T11:13:00.000-08:00

Just as each board type enjoys its own thermal profile in your surface mount oven, each board type also enjoys its own board-wave parameters in your wave machine

The optimal dwell time for that board was found to be 3.6 seconds, in contrast to 2.8 seconds for the first board. As you can see, the “dwell time profiles” of the two boards are different. This process resulted in dramatically lower defect rates for the second board studied (which had also been previously run at 1.0 seconds), although never quite as low as the new baseline which was attained for the first board. This strongly indicates the presence of sources of defects unrelated to dwell time, for example non-optimal immersion depth or design problems.

Immersion Depth

Changing your immersion depth changes your contact length and dwell time. This makes the direct and accurate measurement of immersion depth critical. Your pump speed produces a wave height (although this can diminish as your solder pot empties of solder), but the actual immersion depth of your boards depends on several factors, including solder pot height, how they sit in the fingers, if your fingers are bent, broken or crooked, the angle of your conveyor and whether or not pallets are used.

Yet controlling your immersion depth - measuring it and keeping it consistent - is only one piece of the puzzle. Another is: At which immersion depth is your board quality optimized? This point is illustrated by figure 4. See that the defect rate of the board represented by the blue bars is optimized over a different range (48 mil, or even 36 to 60 mil) than the board represented by the yellow bars (at 24 to 36 mil). So, different board types benefit most from different immersion depths.
Quantifying Cost Benefits

Prior to this study, yield loss was tracked on a monthly basis as a measure of the cost of production failures. Production volume for the board studied was 11,000 per month.

1.) With the implementation of optimal dwell time procedures using the described device, yield loss went from 3.0% (330 boards) to 1.6% (176 boards) in the first month of daily use.

2.) This meant a reduction in yield loss of 154 boards per month. For a 30 day month, this means 5.13 boards per day.

3.) At 0 for the cost of each board, cost reduction based on improved yield loss alone was ,200 per month, which annualizes to 4,400.

4.) That means that the return on investment on the device used in the study was less than five days.

Conclusion: A seemingly small daily improvement in wave solder quality meant fast, very large, measurable monthly and annual cost savings. These figures do not even account for the valuable savings from benefits like reduced rework and field failures, less downtime and increased throughput, each of which in its own right can be more valuable than the rapid savings on yield loss.

Learn More Using Computer

2009-02-06T19:57:00.000-08:00

Wow, the computer industry has phenomenally taken over the world. Did you ever think back in the 80s that computers would be our right hands? I mean, we use them for practically everything these days. From banking online, to ordering clothes, to sending a message. This is why computer education is becoming so imperative for work in today's society. We all use and need computers for some aspect of our lives. If you're not taking advantage of them at work, then you're surely browsing the World-Wide-Web at home. These magnificent innovations certainly aren't going anywhere; therefore you better make sure you receive your proper computer education for what lies ahead.

Did you receive a decent computer education in high school? I have to say the Internet was just coming about when I was graduating. It was during my college career that I took a dive into computer education and modern technology concerning the Internet and more. I soon realized that I would need computers for pretty much any career path I chose. This prompted me to take a few additional computer courses and broaden my computer education. I learned all about Microsoft Office, hardware, software, viruses, creating presentations, graphs, and more. This basic knowledge is truly necessary to vie in today's job market. I noticed after graduation that every job I was interested in required some computer education and skills. Some occupations more than others. I was relieved that I had the mandatory tools of the trade.

If you ponder the amount of time you interact with computers on a daily basis, you will probably be shocked. Essentially all of us, regardless of our current job, encounter computers all the time. Many of us have even resorted to online conveniences, which in turn save us a considerable amount of valuable time. Home computers and the Internet are our friends. If you lack basic computer education and wish to get a better hold on modern technology and the future that lies ahead, it's time to take action. It's easy these days to take a computer course at your local college, or even online. This way you will have a better understanding of how the incomparable systems work. If you are not even Internet savvy, you can always ask a friend to aid you in getting online to take a course in computer education. It's for your future.

Basics Of A Pen Drive

2009-02-01T09:31:00.000-08:00

A Pen Drive is a compact, removable storage device just like a floppy disk or a CD. Instead of the floppy device or the CD ROM that are used for reading a floppy disk and CD respectively, a pen drive can be plugged into the USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port of a computer. The USB connectivity makes the pen drive easier to use and data can be transferred faster to and from the pen drive.

Different Manufacturers have named Pen Drives they manufacture differently. Today, a pen dive goes by the names of thumb drive, USB flash drive, Jump Drive, Traveler`s Drive, USB key drive, USB memory stick and many others!

These pen drives are small, inexpensive, almost ubiquitous and extremely handy. They are available largely in the range of 1 to 8 GB which makes them of great use and has made floppy disks and CDs look like useless storage mediums.

The credit of inventing the pen drives goes to IBM. It was invented in 1988 to replace the floppy disks, but IBM never patented it. IBM contracted in M-Systems to manufacture the Pen Drive and the patent is now owned by them.

The pen drive is a modern floppy disk. The main difference is that a floppy disk has moving parts which makes the data stored on the drive vulnerable to loss. A pen drive, on the other hand is a solid state device i.e. it has no moving parts. This makes it possible to almost completely seal the pen drive making it dust-proof and the common magnetic fields. Hence, a pen drive is a much safer option for storing important data.

The latest operating systems like (Windows XP, Linux and Mac OS 2) can recognize these pen drives and mount them automatically. Once it is connected, recognized and mounted by the operating system, it appears just like any other partition of the hard disk except it is named as removable storage.

The pen drive can be removed any time after it is un-mounted (safely remove hardware in case of Windows) and can be re-plugged into the same or a different machine to be used again. A pen drive`s most important use is to transport data and files from one machine to another. For e.g. one can simply copy all the word processing documents, images and spreadsheets to the pen drive, carry it along and copy the files on his/her home computer and work on it at home.

Some users have found the pen drive useful in moving their internet browser History, Cache, Cookies, and other transient data. This improves their privacy and security as no traces of the work done on the machine is left on the PC. Once copied to the drive, the files can be made more secured by encryption or any other method of security.

The pen drives can also be used to store operating systems to boot the computer. This makes them popular for repair and diagnostic work. Instead of carrying tools and maintenance software applications on CDs, a pen drive can be used which is faster and can be manipulated easily in case the software is upgraded or is no more useful.

A pen drive is one of the most economical mobile medium for data storage in terms of cost per unit storage space. They are really light-weight and robust in nature which has made it a big hit and a very important and indispensable tool for a large number of users.

This article is under GNU FDL license and can be distributed without any previous authorization from the author. However the author's name and all the URLs (links) mentioned in the article and biography must be kept.

Blogs - A Vital SEO tool

2009-01-08T21:12:00.000-08:00

Most of us know that using blogs is a great way of improving a site’s ranking on search engines. As a blog is essentially an internet diary that you update regularly, it is more suitable for getting faster SEO results. However, this does depend on how often you update your blog with regular posts. If you have just started a new website and if you are looking improve its visibility on search engines, then it is important that you install a blog for your site.

Apart from the SEO aspect, your blog also acts as an effective tool to share your views on your latest products and releases. You can also get customer feedback through user comments and hence get to a position from where you can design your products in a more customer centric manner. This is indeed a great way of promoting your products apart from improving SEO.

Why Blogs for SEO?

As blogs are naturally prone to getting updated regularly; search engines give a higher priority to blogs that specialize on some particular niche. Blogs help search engines by offering fresh and updated content on various topics and that is why search engines are always looking to reward blog sites with higher visibility.

Starting your blog

If you want to make use of blogs for your SEO, then you can start now. You need to first identify a topic you are passionate about and then you can start writing unique and resourceful posts on that topic. Next you need a blogging platform. Wordpress and Blogger are the most popular ones available right now. The advantage with Blogger is that you can get a free hosted option as well. However, although Wordpress doesn’t offer free hosting, it is has added features and comes with a lot of plug-ins.

Link your blog to your main Website

Once you have started your blog and spent enough time filling it up with content on your favorite topic, you will find that the blog earns a good readership and as a result better visibility on search engines. You can then add some permanent links on your blog that takes the readers to your main product website. This is a great way of improving the visibility of your main website. You can also add links to any other URL that you want to promote.

A great tool for branding your products

There is nothing as effective as having a professional blog to build the brand image for your products. However, this branding should be based upon the nature of the product you sell. For example, if you are promoting formal products or services, then your branding blog should maintain that formal image as well. Similarly, if it is a fun product, your blog should use a more informal approach.

SEO also applies to your Blog

Apart for posting regularly and providing resourceful information, you should also take care of the SEO aspects of the blog. For example, you should pay enough attention to the title you use for your blog. This should be written in such a way that it can grab the attention of the visitor.

Traffic from RSS and links

The best part of having a blog is that you get considerable amounts of internet traffic through links and RSS. Although this doesn’t have anything to do with SEO, it is still a valuable way of improving visibly.

Take advantage of the active blogger community

Blogs have track back and comments features that allow active interaction amongst the blogger community. In this way your blog gets connected to a host of other blog sites on the same niche. This helps in getting valuable incoming links which are essentially votes that help your site reach top spots on search engines. The comments in the blogs are especially a great feature that helps to keep your blog continuously updated.

So, those were some information on blogs, their advantages, and their effectiveness as an SEO tool. Once you make sure that your blog is both useful and search engine optimized you will soon enjoy the fruits of your efforts by way of higher rankings on major search engines.

Basics Of Dual-Core Process Computer

2009-01-06T21:05:00.000-08:00

The computer has been one of the most amazing and fruitful discoveries man has ever made. It has revolutionized the way man does his things. The way he eats, drinks, sleeps and even thinks. And computer itself has evolved over the years. From the Eniac I to the hand-held palmtops in executives` hands today, computer has changed with the technology. And it has changed our lives too.

The latest addition to this revolution of technical upgrading of computers is the dual-core processor technology. It refers to the CPU (Central Processing Unit- the brains of the computer) that possesses two independent and complete execution cores for each of its two processors. The concerned CPU contains two combined processors along with their cache memories and their respective controllers integrated into a singular circuit (commonly known as a silicon chip).
The dual-core process computer is suited to multitasking and handling miscellaneous tasks (often unrelated to each other). Because its CPU has two completely independent execution cores and both have independent interfaces to the front bus, it has excellent capacity to execute several programs and tasks simultaneously. Similarly, dual-core process computers may have more processor cores which is actually named as a multi-core process computer. These are highly efficient machines to conduct intensive tasks of computing or program execution at the same instance of time.

The Pentium dual-core process computer is the most preferred brand of computer in the market. It has x86-architectured microprocessors integrated onto its circuit. The 32-bit Yonah processors are a base for mobile computers while the 64-bit Allendale processors are maintained for the desktop computers. Both have absolutely different architecture as far as microprocessor technical build is concerned.

By early 2007, Intel decided to launch dual-core process computers in the field of notebooks or laptops too. This was a very important and vital decision as there were no other rivals in this phase if the market of computer architecture. Intel had only decided to launch the dual-core process computer system applying to notebooks on the behest of notebook or laptop manufacturers. The first processors to appear in notebooks using the dual-core process computer technology were the Pentium T2060, T2080 and a 32-bit Pentium M based on the Yonah core with a 1 MB L2 cache, instead of the usual 2MB cache memory.

Intel had forced a return of the Pentium brand to the market arena on 2006 with a host of low-cost single core Conroe-L core architecture processors with a 1 MB cache. These were numbered `1` to distinguish them from dual core process computer cores that had been labeled with the digit `2`.

More recently, on June 3, 2007, Intel released desktop dual-core processors from the Pentium brand. They were named as E2140 and E2160. September 2007 saw the late release of a better and updated model named E2180. These processors support the Intel64 extensions, because of their Allendale derived Core architecture. The power of these dual-core process computers was very imminent as most companies` demands exceeded supply over these multi-processor machines.

Dual-core process computer systems have taken over the world of computing today. As of its multi-tasking ability, it has gained world-wide acclaim due to its efficient, quick and yet superior quality program execution and task completion abilities. Heavier programs and complex games may be run with these dual-core process computer systems at the regular pace of conventional single-core processor systems did with light programs on the execution chart.

The age of computers had begun a long time back. But the age of sleek and efficient computing with the help of razor-edge technology has just begun with the dual-core process computer systems.

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The Simple Steps to Online Hard Drive Backup

2009-01-05T10:25:00.000-08:00

Ensuring you have a second copy of all your important files, documents, videos, photos etc. Is a must for any computer user. Backups shouldn't just be thought of for businesses, they are just as important to personal computers at home especially if they hold precious family memories in the form of videos and photos that could never be created again if lost.

Step 1

You need to pick a backup service to use. The two popular ones that most people use are either Mozy home backup or Carbonite. Both have similar plans, We Have personally used both and like the software that Carbonite uses better the Mozy but it's personal preference.

Visit one of their sites, sign up under their free trial and download the desktop software used to transfer the files from your PC hard drive to their online storage servers.
Step 2

Next you need to choose exactly what it is you're going to backup. Most of us backup our entire My Documents folder, but you may have files stored on other areas of your home or office PC you want backed up as well.

After installing the software for the online backup service you've chosen their should be a video or some tutorial to walk you through how to add files and folders to your backup set.

With Carbonite it's as easy as right clicking on a file or folder and selecting "back this up". That file or folder will then be added to your backup set.

The great thing about this entire process is that as you add new files and folders to the directories you're backing up those new items will be added to your backup set online.

Step 3

Time to start loading those files from your local hard drive onto the online backup server. Thankfully now the process is more or less automatic. You don't need to move files one at a time up to the online backup server. The software you downloaded and used in step 2 does all that for you.

The first time you load everything up it might take sometime, but be patient. The big upload only has to happen that first time. Then from there on only files that are changed, or new documents and files are uploaded.

2009-01-01T22:51:00.000-08:00

Follow the few steps to increase the laptop battery's life:

Lower the backlighting on your screen.

The screen of your Laptop takes up significant amount of power and you do not require its maximum brightness. You should have to check your system and decrease the screen brightness it to a comfortable point.

Stop your wireless signal when you are not using.

After turning off your Laptop can save max. 20 minutes of your laptop's battery time because WiFi can use a considerable quantity of power. By right clicking you can stop your WiFi signal when you are not using.

Manage the correct power scheme in XP

Windows XP contain a number of predetermined power plans, which control settings like how rapidly your laptop turns off and when your screen saver boots in. You can change your laptop power scheme by choosing Control Panel > Power Options. For max. Battery life from the "Power scheme" chooses the option "Max. Battery" and decline the list. There are good choices for you just like "Low Power Mode" and Portable /Laptop. They don't conserve as much power as Max Battery. After selecting a power scheme you click Ok button to finish the process.

How To Change Keyboard Language In Windows XP

2008-12-26T23:37:00.000-08:00

If you want to learn how to change your keyboard language while using Windows XP, you come to the right article. It's fairly easy once you know how it's done and by the end of this article you will.Of course, the first step is to sit in front of your turned on computer which I assume you are since you're reading this article. Now that you're sitting comfortably, you can begin to change your keyboard language.

1. Click the Start button at the bottom left corner of the screen. This will present you with a long two column menu. On the right menu, click the option Control Panel.

2. There are 2 options in which the Control Panel icons may be presented: catergory or classic. You want to be in Classic view. You can see at the left side of the Control Panel which view you're currently in. If it says Switch To Category View, it means you're now in Classic view which is what you want. If it says Switch to Classic View, click that link.

3. In The Control panel, click the Regional and Language Options icon. This will open a small dialog. You're about halfway to changing your keyboard language.

4. In this new dialog, you will see 3 tabs. The middle one reads Languages. Click on that.

5. In the top half of this tab, you will see a button which reads Details. Click on that button. A new dialog window will open.

6. In The lower half of the new dialog window, you will see and Add button. This will open yet another dialog window.

7. At the top half of this screen, you will see a Combo under the title of Input Language. Choose the language you wish to add and click OK twice.

8. Look at the bottom of your screen in what is known as the System Tray (bottom right corner), you will see an indication of the current language you're using (EN signifies English). You can now switch between the different language you've installed by pressing Alt+Shift keys.

There you have it. You've successfully changed your keyboard language.

How To Clean A Flat Screen Monitor

2008-12-24T02:45:00.000-08:00

Flat screen monitors, also known as LCD monitors, are a little different than their CRT cousins when it comes to cleaning. Your standard CRT monitor has a glass screen and be cleaned in pretty much the same way as you would any other glass in your home or office.

Flat screen monitors, however, require a bit of special care when cleaning. Their displays are much more sensitive and are easily scratched and damaged.

Follow the easy steps below to safely clean your flat screen monitor in just a few minutes.

Here's How:
1. Turn off the monitor. If the screen is dark, it will be easier to see the areas that are dirty or oily.

2. Use a dry, soft cloth and very gently wipe the screen. A great choice would be the microfiber type of cloth used to clean eyeglasses. See Tip #1 below for kinds of cloths to avoid.

3. If the dry cloth did not completely remove the dirt or oil, do not press harder in an attempt to scrub it off. Pushing directly on the LCD screen can often cause pixels to burn out.

4. If necessary, dampen the cloth with distilled water or with an equal ratio of distilled water to white vinegar. See Tip #2 below for products to avoid.

Many companies also sell small spray bottles of special cleaner for flat screen monitors but the vinegar mixture is usually just as effective.

5. The plastic edge that surrounds the screen can be cleaned with any multipurpose cleaner but take care to avoid contact with the screen itself.

Tips: 1. Avoid using paper towels, toilet paper, tissue paper, or something like your shirt to wipe the LCD screen. These non-ultrasoft materials can easily scratch the screen.

2. Avoid cleaning products that contain ammonia, ethyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, ethyl acid, or methyl chloride. These chemicals can react with the materials that the LCD screen is made of which could yellow the screen or cause other kinds of damage.

3. Never spray liquid directly on the LCD screen or it could run inside the monitor and cause damage.

Trick To Increase Browsing Speed for IE and Firefox

2008-12-22T10:38:00.000-08:00

You really don't need to tweak your browser in case you are using Firefox because it is a browser which has been specially designed for optimized and fast browsing but if you can make it even a little more fast that would certainly be a treat for you. Likewise there is a trick to make Internet Explorer 6 fast too. Browsers are designed to work with fast connections but with this trick even dial-up users can experience fast and smooth browsing.

Optimize Firefox and IE Browsing Speed

I shall be teaching you two tricks which work separately on Firefox and Internet Explorer. It doesn't require you to be some expert rather all you have to do is change some registry values and you are done. I have also included a video tutorial for those who want to see it step by step visually. This is perhaps one of the oldest tricks to optimize Firefox and IE but it still works great.

Trick to Increase Firefox Speed

1. Open Firefox and in the address bar write about:config and press enter
2. Double click network.http.pipelining and set it to True
3. Double click network.http.pipelining.maxrequests and set value to 10 from 4
4. Right click and create a new string nglayout.initialpaint.delay and set its value to 0

You are done. Enjoy lightning fast Firefox browsing and now for IE.

Trick to Increase Internet Explorer Speed

1. Go to Start –> Run and type regedit
2. Select HKEY_CURRENT_USER –> Software –> Microsoft –> Windows –> Current Version –> Internet Settings
3. Increase the values (DECIMAL) from default to a higher value e.g. 10

See the difference in speed of IE :D

Here you go with a step by step video tutorial

Don't forget to apply this tweak and share your thoughts if the magics work and don't forget to bookmark this post too.

Disable "Low Disk Space" Notification in Wondows XP

2008-12-21T19:24:00.000-08:00

Open regedit & follow the steps below:

1. Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

2. On the Edit menu, click New, click DWORD value .

3. Name the new DWORD Value as NoLowDiskSpaceChecks

4. Right click the new DWORD Value and Modify the data value to 1.

5. Exit the registry editor and restart your computer.

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2008-12-21T10:21:00.000-08:00

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Fastest Way to Refresh a Page in Firefox

2008-12-19T12:31:00.000-08:00

This How To is made for those that refresh pages very often and look for ways to improve their efficiency. It's a small trick. Ok, there are 3 ways to refresh a page in Firefox efficiently:

1. Pressing F5, this is a simple and fast way, requires your finger to press a key.
2. The RAW refresh is the second most efficient way, it's used when you want to refresh a page that loads from the cache some images instead of contacting the server. Therefore even you have a new picture on a page you'll still see the old picture. To RAW refresh press CTRL+R. 3. The third method is to push the refresh button which is located through the toolbar's other extensions and buttons.

4. The fourth and in my opinion the fastest way to refresh a page and the most comfortable because you only use the mouse and you move it very little even comparing it with pushing the refresh button is like this:

1. Click on the page tab you want to refresh and drag it anywhere on the page. The page will be refresh as soon as you let go. Because you do it with only 1 hand is comfortable, I believe is faster then the refresh button. Try this trick, I believe you'll like it.

10 Reasons Why PCs Crash

2008-12-19T12:27:00.000-08:00

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

source : www.hooverwebdesign.com

How to disable Ctrl+C at Windows startup

2008-12-19T12:25:00.000-08:00

The problem: Windows lets anyone press the Ctrl+C keys during its initial booting phase and stop the booting. If the user is knowledgeable enough about the MSDOS mode, s/he can then examine the contents of all your drives and folders, etc. To prevent this from happening, you can reconfigure your computer to disable the Ctrl+C keys in the MSDOS mode.

The following method may be used to fix this problem:

First, make a backup copy of the C:\CONFIG.SYS file (just in case something goes wrong) by copying this file onto your emergency startup disk. Also, make sure that you can actually use the startup disk to boot your computer into the MSDOS mode.

Open C:\CONFIG.SYS with Notepad and add the following line at the very beginning of the file:

BREAK=OFF

Now save the file and reboot the computer.

For more information about the CONFIG.SYS file and its contents, please refer to the file Config.txt, installed by Windows in your C:\Windows folder.

Note: Note that this setting also disables Ctrl+C for all programs running in the MSDOS mode.